parallel_alternatives - Alternatives to GNU parallel
There are a lot programs with some of the functionality of GNU parallel. GNU parallel strives to include the best of the functionality without sacrificing ease of use.
The following features are in some of the comparable tools:
Inputs I1. Arguments can be read from stdin I2. Arguments can be read from a file I3. Arguments can be read from multiple files I4. Arguments can be read from command line I5. Arguments can be read from a table I6. Arguments can be read from the same file using #! (shebang) I7. Line oriented input as default (Quoting of special chars not needed)
Manipulation of input M1. Composed command M2. Multiple arguments can fill up an execution line M3. Arguments can be put anywhere in the execution line M4. Multiple arguments can be put anywhere in the execution line M5. Arguments can be replaced with context M6. Input can be treated as the complete command line
Outputs O1. Grouping output so output from different jobs do not mix O2. Send stderr (standard error) to stderr (standard error) O3. Send stdout (standard output) to stdout (standard output) O4. Order of output can be same as order of input O5. Stdout only contains stdout (standard output) from the command O6. Stderr only contains stderr (standard error) from the command
Execution E1. Running jobs in parallel E2. List running jobs E3. Finish running jobs, but do not start new jobs E4. Number of running jobs can depend on number of cpus E5. Finish running jobs, but do not start new jobs after first failure E6. Number of running jobs can be adjusted while running
Remote execution R1. Jobs can be run on remote computers R2. Basefiles can be transferred R3. Argument files can be transferred R4. Result files can be transferred R5. Cleanup of transferred files R6. No config files needed R7. Do not run more than SSHD's MaxStartups can handle R8. Configurable SSH command R9. Retry if connection breaks occasionally
Semaphore S1. Possibility to work as a mutex S2. Possibility to work as a counting semaphore
Legend - = no x = not applicable ID = yes
As every new version of the programs are not tested the table may be outdated. Please file a bug-report if you find errors (See REPORTING BUGS).
parallel: I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 S1 S2
xargs: I1 I2 - - - - - - M2 M3 - - - - O2 O3 - O5 O6 E1 - - - - - - - - - - x - - - - -
find -exec: - - - x - x - - M2 M3 - - - - - O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - x x
make -j: - - - - - - - - - - - - - O1 O2 O3 - x O6 E1 - - - E5 - - - - - - - - - - - -
ppss: I1 I2 - - - - I7 M1 - M3 - - M6 O1 - - x - - E1 E2 ?E3 E4 - - R1 R2 R3 R4 - - ?R7 ? ? - -
pexec: I1 I2 - I4 I5 - - M1 - M3 - - M6 O1 O2 O3 - O5 O6 E1 - - E4 - E6 R1 - - - - R6 - - - S1 -
xjobs, prll, dxargs, mdm/middelman, xapply, paexec, ladon, jobflow, ClusterSSH: TODO - Please file a bug-report if you know what features they support (See REPORTING BUGS).
xargs offers some of the same possibilities as GNU parallel.
xargs deals badly with special characters (such as space, \, ' and "). To see the problem try this:
touch important_file
touch 'not important_file'
ls not* | xargs rm
mkdir -p "My brother's 12\" records"
ls | xargs rmdir
touch 'c:\windows\system32\clfs.sys'
echo 'c:\windows\system32\clfs.sys' | xargs ls -lYou can specify -0, but many input generators are not optimized for using NUL as separator but are optimized for newline as separator. E.g head, tail, awk, ls, echo, sed, tar -v, perl (-0 and \0 instead of \n), locate (requires using -0), find (requires using -print0), grep (requires user to use -z or -Z), sort (requires using -z).
GNU parallel's newline separation can be emulated with:
cat | xargs -d "\n" -n1 command
xargs can run a given number of jobs in parallel, but has no support for running number-of-cpu-cores jobs in parallel.
xargs has no support for grouping the output, therefore output may run together, e.g. the first half of a line is from one process and the last half of the line is from another process. The example Parallel grep cannot be done reliably with xargs because of this. To see this in action try:
parallel perl -e '\$a=\"1\".\"{}\"x10000000\;print\ \$a,\"\\n\"' \
'>' {} ::: a b c d e f g h
# Serial = no mixing = the wanted result
# 'tr -s a-z' squeezes repeating letters into a single letter
echo a b c d e f g h | xargs -P1 -n1 grep 1 | tr -s a-z
# Compare to 8 jobs in parallel
parallel -kP8 -n1 grep 1 ::: a b c d e f g h | tr -s a-z
echo a b c d e f g h | xargs -P8 -n1 grep 1 | tr -s a-z
echo a b c d e f g h | xargs -P8 -n1 grep --line-buffered 1 | \
tr -s a-zOr try this:
slow_seq() {
echo Count to "$@"
seq "$@" |
perl -ne '$|=1; for(split//){ print; select($a,$a,$a,0.100);}'
}
export -f slow_seq
# Serial = no mixing = the wanted result
seq 8 | xargs -n1 -P1 -I {} bash -c 'slow_seq {}'
# Compare to 8 jobs in parallel
seq 8 | parallel -P8 slow_seq {}
seq 8 | xargs -n1 -P8 -I {} bash -c 'slow_seq {}'xargs has no support for keeping the order of the output, therefore if running jobs in parallel using xargs the output of the second job cannot be postponed till the first job is done.
xargs has no support for running jobs on remote computers.
xargs has no support for context replace, so you will have to create the arguments.
If you use a replace string in xargs (-I) you can not force xargs to use more than one argument.
Quoting in xargs works like -q in GNU parallel. This means composed commands and redirection require using bash -c.
ls | parallel "wc {} >{}.wc"
ls | parallel "echo {}; ls {}|wc"becomes (assuming you have 8 cores and that none of the filenames contain space, " or ').
ls | xargs -d "\n" -P8 -I {} bash -c "wc {} >{}.wc"
ls | xargs -d "\n" -P8 -I {} bash -c "echo {}; ls {}|wc"https://www.gnu.org/software/findutils/
find -exec offers some of the same possibilities as GNU parallel.
find -exec only works on files. Processing other input (such as hosts or URLs) will require creating these inputs as files. find -exec has no support for running commands in parallel.
https://www.gnu.org/software/findutils/
make -j can run jobs in parallel, but requires a crafted Makefile to do this. That results in extra quoting to get filenames containing newlines to work correctly.
make -j computes a dependency graph before running jobs. Jobs run by GNU parallel does not depend on each other.
(Very early versions of GNU parallel were coincidentally implemented using make -j).
https://www.gnu.org/software/make/
ppss is also a tool for running jobs in parallel.
The output of ppss is status information and thus not useful for using as input for another command. The output from the jobs are put into files.
The argument replace string ($ITEM) cannot be changed. Arguments must be quoted - thus arguments containing special characters (space '"&!*) may cause problems. More than one argument is not supported. Filenames containing newlines are not processed correctly. When reading input from a file null cannot be used as a terminator. ppss needs to read the whole input file before starting any jobs.
Output and status information is stored in ppss_dir and thus requires cleanup when completed. If the dir is not removed before running ppss again it may cause nothing to happen as ppss thinks the task is already done. GNU parallel will normally not need cleaning up if running locally and will only need cleaning up if stopped abnormally and running remote (--cleanup may not complete if stopped abnormally). The example Parallel grep would require extra postprocessing if written using ppss.
For remote systems PPSS requires 3 steps: config, deploy, and start. GNU parallel only requires one step.
Here are the examples from ppss's manual page with the equivalent using GNU parallel:
1 ./ppss.sh standalone -d /path/to/files -c 'gzip '
1 find /path/to/files -type f | parallel gzip
2 ./ppss.sh standalone -d /path/to/files -c 'cp "$ITEM" /destination/dir '
2 find /path/to/files -type f | parallel cp {} /destination/dir
3 ./ppss.sh standalone -f list-of-urls.txt -c 'wget -q '
3 parallel -a list-of-urls.txt wget -q
4 ./ppss.sh standalone -f list-of-urls.txt -c 'wget -q "$ITEM"'
4 parallel -a list-of-urls.txt wget -q {}
5 ./ppss config -C config.cfg -c 'encode.sh ' -d /source/dir -m 192.168.1.100 -u ppss -k ppss-key.key -S ./encode.sh -n nodes.txt -o /some/output/dir --upload --download ; ./ppss deploy -C config.cfg ; ./ppss start -C config
5 # parallel does not use configs. If you want a different username put it in nodes.txt: user@hostname
5 find source/dir -type f | parallel --sshloginfile nodes.txt --trc {.}.mp3 lame -a {} -o {.}.mp3 --preset standard --quiet
6 ./ppss stop -C config.cfg
6 killall -TERM parallel
7 ./ppss pause -C config.cfg
7 Press: CTRL-Z or killall -SIGTSTP parallel
8 ./ppss continue -C config.cfg
8 Enter: fg or killall -SIGCONT parallel
9 ./ppss.sh status -C config.cfg
9 killall -SIGUSR2 parallel
https://github.com/louwrentius/PPSS
pexec is also a tool for running jobs in parallel.
Here are the examples from pexec's info page with the equivalent using GNU parallel:
1 pexec -o sqrt-%s.dat -p "$(seq 10)" -e NUM -n 4 -c -- \ 'echo "scale=10000;sqrt($NUM)" | bc'
1 seq 10 | parallel -j4 'echo "scale=10000;sqrt({})" | bc > sqrt-{}.dat'
2 pexec -p "$(ls myfiles*.ext)" -i %s -o %s.sort -- sort
2 ls myfiles*.ext | parallel sort {} ">{}.sort"
3 pexec -f image.list -n auto -e B -u star.log -c -- \ 'fistar $B.fits -f 100 -F id,x,y,flux -o $B.star'
3 parallel -a image.list \ 'fistar {}.fits -f 100 -F id,x,y,flux -o {}.star' 2>star.log
4 pexec -r *.png -e IMG -c -o - -- \ 'convert $IMG ${IMG%.png}.jpeg ; "echo $IMG: done"'
4 ls *.png | parallel 'convert {} {.}.jpeg; echo {}: done'
5 pexec -r *.png -i %s -o %s.jpg -c 'pngtopnm | pnmtojpeg'
5 ls *.png | parallel 'pngtopnm < {} | pnmtojpeg > {}.jpg'
6 for p in *.png ; do echo ${p%.png} ; done | \ pexec -f - -i %s.png -o %s.jpg -c 'pngtopnm | pnmtojpeg'
6 ls *.png | parallel 'pngtopnm < {} | pnmtojpeg > {.}.jpg'
7 LIST=$(for p in *.png ; do echo ${p%.png} ; done) pexec -r $LIST -i %s.png -o %s.jpg -c 'pngtopnm | pnmtojpeg'
7 ls *.png | parallel 'pngtopnm < {} | pnmtojpeg > {.}.jpg'
8 pexec -n 8 -r *.jpg -y unix -e IMG -c \ 'pexec -j -m blockread -d $IMG | \ jpegtopnm | pnmscale 0.5 | pnmtojpeg | \ pexec -j -m blockwrite -s th_$IMG'
8 Combining GNU parallel and GNU sem.
8 ls *jpg | parallel -j8 'sem --id blockread cat {} | jpegtopnm |' \ 'pnmscale 0.5 | pnmtojpeg | sem --id blockwrite cat > th_{}'
8 If reading and writing is done to the same disk, this may be faster as only one process will be either reading or writing:
8 ls *jpg | parallel -j8 'sem --id diskio cat {} | jpegtopnm |' \ 'pnmscale 0.5 | pnmtojpeg | sem --id diskio cat > th_{}'
https://www.gnu.org/software/pexec/
xjobs is also a tool for running jobs in parallel. It only supports running jobs on your local computer.
xjobs deals badly with special characters just like xargs. See the section DIFFERENCES BETWEEN xargs AND GNU Parallel.
Here are the examples from xjobs's man page with the equivalent using GNU parallel:
1 ls -1 *.zip | xjobs unzip
1 ls *.zip | parallel unzip
2 ls -1 *.zip | xjobs -n unzip
2 ls *.zip | parallel unzip >/dev/null
3 find . -name '*.bak' | xjobs gzip
3 find . -name '*.bak' | parallel gzip
4 ls -1 *.jar | sed 's/\(.*\)/\1 > \1.idx/' | xjobs jar tf
4 ls *.jar | parallel jar tf {} '>' {}.idx
5 xjobs -s script
5 cat script | parallel
6 mkfifo /var/run/my_named_pipe; xjobs -s /var/run/my_named_pipe & echo unzip 1.zip >> /var/run/my_named_pipe; echo tar cf /backup/myhome.tar /home/me >> /var/run/my_named_pipe
6 mkfifo /var/run/my_named_pipe; cat /var/run/my_named_pipe | parallel & echo unzip 1.zip >> /var/run/my_named_pipe; echo tar cf /backup/myhome.tar /home/me >> /var/run/my_named_pipe
http://www.maier-komor.de/xjobs.html
prll is also a tool for running jobs in parallel. It does not support running jobs on remote computers.
prll encourages using BASH aliases and BASH functions instead of scripts. GNU parallel supports scripts directly, functions if they are exported using export -f, and aliases if using env_parallel.
prll generates a lot of status information on stderr (standard error) which makes it harder to use the stderr (standard error) output of the job directly as input for another program.
Here is the example from prll's man page with the equivalent using GNU parallel:
prll -s 'mogrify -flip $1' *.jpg
parallel mogrify -flip ::: *.jpghttps://github.com/exzombie/prll
dxargs is also a tool for running jobs in parallel.
dxargs does not deal well with more simultaneous jobs than SSHD's MaxStartups. dxargs is only built for remote run jobs, but does not support transferring of files.
http://www.semicomplete.com/blog/geekery/distributed-xargs.html
middleman(mdm) is also a tool for running jobs in parallel.
Here are the shellscripts of http://mdm.berlios.de/usage.html ported to GNU parallel:
seq 19 | parallel buffon -o - | sort -n > result
cat files | parallel cmd
find dir -execdir sem cmd {} \;https://github.com/cklin/mdm
xapply can run jobs in parallel on the local computer.
Here are the examples from xapply's man page with the equivalent using GNU parallel:
1 xapply '(cd %1 && make all)' */
1 parallel 'cd {} && make all' ::: */
2 xapply -f 'diff %1 ../version5/%1' manifest | more
2 parallel diff {} ../version5/{} < manifest | more
3 xapply -p/dev/null -f 'diff %1 %2' manifest1 checklist1
3 parallel --link diff {1} {2} :::: manifest1 checklist1
4 xapply 'indent' *.c
4 parallel indent ::: *.c
5 find ~ksb/bin -type f ! -perm -111 -print | xapply -f -v 'chmod a+x' -
5 find ~ksb/bin -type f ! -perm -111 -print | parallel -v chmod a+x
6 find */ -... | fmt 960 1024 | xapply -f -i /dev/tty 'vi' -
6 sh <(find */ -... | parallel -s 1024 echo vi)
6 find */ -... | parallel -s 1024 -Xuj1 vi
7 find ... | xapply -f -5 -i /dev/tty 'vi' - - - - -
7 sh <(find ... |parallel -n5 echo vi)
7 find ... |parallel -n5 -uj1 vi
8 xapply -fn "" /etc/passwd
8 parallel -k echo < /etc/passwd
9 tr ':' '\012' < /etc/passwd | xapply -7 -nf 'chown %1 %6' - - - - - - -
9 tr ':' '\012' < /etc/passwd | parallel -N7 chown {1} {6}
10 xapply '[ -d %1/RCS ] || echo %1' */
10 parallel '[ -d {}/RCS ] || echo {}' ::: */
11 xapply -f '[ -f %1 ] && echo %1' List | ...
11 parallel '[ -f {} ] && echo {}' < List | ...
http://carrera.databits.net/~ksb/msrc/local/bin/xapply/xapply.html
apply can build command lines based on a template and arguments - very much like GNU parallel. apply does not run jobs in parallel. apply does not use an argument separator (like :::); instead the template must be the first argument.
Here are the examples from https://www-01.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ssw_aix_71/com.ibm.aix.cmds1/apply.htm
1. To obtain results similar to those of the ls command, enter:
apply echo *
parallel echo ::: *2. To compare the file named a1 to the file named b1, and the file named a2 to the file named b2, enter:
apply -2 cmp a1 b1 a2 b2
parallel -N2 cmp ::: a1 b1 a2 b23. To run the who command five times, enter:
apply -0 who 1 2 3 4 5
parallel -N0 who ::: 1 2 3 4 54. To link all files in the current directory to the directory /usr/joe, enter:
apply 'ln %1 /usr/joe' *
parallel ln {} /usr/joe ::: *https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/ssw_aix_61/com.ibm.aix.cmds1/apply.htm
paexec can run jobs in parallel on both the local and remote computers.
paexec requires commands to print a blank line as the last output. This means you will have to write a wrapper for most programs.
paexec has a job dependency facility so a job can depend on another job to be executed successfully. Sort of a poor-man's make.
Here are the examples from paexec's example catalog with the equivalent using GNU parallel:
../../paexec -s -l -c "`pwd`/1_div_X_cmd" -n +1 <<EOF [...]
parallel echo {} '|' `pwd`/1_div_X_cmd <<EOF [...] ../../paexec -lp -c "`pwd`/all_substr_cmd" -n +3 <<EOF [...]
parallel echo {} '|' `pwd`/all_substr_cmd <<EOF [...] ../../paexec -c "env CC=gcc CFLAGS=-O2 `pwd`/cc_wrapper_cmd" \
-n 'host1 host2' \
-t '/usr/bin/ssh -x' <<EOF [...]
parallel echo {} '|' "env CC=gcc CFLAGS=-O2 `pwd`/cc_wrapper_cmd" \
-S host1,host2 <<EOF [...]
# This is not exactly the same, but avoids the wrapper
parallel gcc -O2 -c -o {.}.o {} \
-S host1,host2 <<EOF [...] ../../paexec -lp -c "`pwd`/toupper_cmd" -n +10 <<EOF [...]
parallel echo {} '|' ./toupper_cmd <<EOF [...]
# Without the wrapper:
parallel echo {} '| awk {print\ toupper\(\$0\)}' <<EOF [...]https://github.com/cheusov/paexec
map sees it as a feature to have less features and in doing so it also handles corner cases incorrectly. A lot of GNU parallel's code is to handle corner cases correctly on every platform, so you will not get a nasty surprise if a user, for example, saves a file called: My brother's 12" records.txt
map's example showing how to deal with special characters fails on special characters:
echo "The Cure" > My\ brother\'s\ 12\"\ records
ls | \
map 'echo -n `gzip < "%" | wc -c`; echo -n '*100/'; wc -c < "%"' | bcIt works with GNU parallel:
ls | \
parallel 'echo -n `gzip < {} | wc -c`; echo -n '*100/'; wc -c < {}' | bcAnd you can even get the file name prepended:
ls | \
parallel --tag '(echo -n `gzip < {} | wc -c`'*100/'; wc -c < {}) | bc'map has no support for grouping. So this gives the wrong results without any warnings:
parallel perl -e '\$a=\"1{}\"x10000000\;print\ \$a,\"\\n\"' '>' {} \
::: a b c d e f
ls -l a b c d e f
parallel -kP4 -n1 grep 1 > out.par ::: a b c d e f
map -p 4 'grep 1' a b c d e f > out.map-unbuf
map -p 4 'grep --line-buffered 1' a b c d e f > out.map-linebuf
map -p 1 'grep --line-buffered 1' a b c d e f > out.map-serial
ls -l out*
md5sum out*The documentation shows a workaround, but not only does that mix stdout (standard output) with stderr (standard error) it also fails completely for certain jobs (and may even be considered less readable):
parallel echo -n {} ::: 1 2 3
map -p 4 'echo -n % 2>&1 | sed -e "s/^/$$:/"' 1 2 3 | sort | cut -f2- -d:maps replacement strings (% %D %B %E) can be simulated in GNU parallel by putting this in ~/.parallel/config:
--rpl '%'
--rpl '%D $_=::shell_quote(::dirname($_));'
--rpl '%B s:.*/::;s:\.[^/.]+$::;'
--rpl '%E s:.*\.::'map cannot handle bundled options: map -vp 0 echo this fails
map does not have an argument separator on the command line, but uses the first argument as command. This makes quoting harder which again may affect readability. Compare:
map -p 2 perl\\\ -ne\\\ \\\'/^\\\\S+\\\\s+\\\\S+\\\$/\\\ and\\\ print\\\ \\\$ARGV,\\\"\\\\n\\\"\\\' *
parallel -q perl -ne '/^\S+\s+\S+$/ and print $ARGV,"\n"' ::: *map can do multiple arguments with context replace, but not without context replace:
parallel --xargs echo 'BEGIN{'{}'}END' ::: 1 2 3map does not set exit value according to whether one of the jobs failed:
parallel false ::: 1 || echo Job failed
map false 1 || echo Never runmap requires Perl v5.10.0 making it harder to use on old systems.
map has no way of using % in the command (GNU Parallel has -I to specify another replacement string than {}).
By design map is option incompatible with xargs, it does not have remote job execution, a structured way of saving results, multiple input sources, progress indicator, configurable record delimiter (only field delimiter), logging of jobs run with possibility to resume, keeping the output in the same order as input, --pipe processing, and dynamically timeouts.
https://github.com/sitaramc/map
ladon can run multiple jobs on files in parallel.
ladon only works on files and the only way to specify files is using a quoted glob string (such as \*.jpg). It is not possible to list the files manually.
As replacement strings it uses FULLPATH DIRNAME BASENAME EXT RELDIR RELPATH
These can be simulated using GNU parallel by putting this in ~/.parallel/config:
--rpl 'FULLPATH $_=::shell_quote($_);chomp($_=qx{readlink -f $_});'
--rpl 'DIRNAME $_=::shell_quote(::dirname($_));chomp($_=qx{readlink -f $_});'
--rpl 'BASENAME s:.*/::;s:\.[^/.]+$::;'
--rpl 'EXT s:.*\.::'
--rpl 'RELDIR $_=::shell_quote($_);chomp(($_,$c)=qx{readlink -f $_;pwd});s:\Q$c/\E::;$_=::dirname($_);'
--rpl 'RELPATH $_=::shell_quote($_);chomp(($_,$c)=qx{readlink -f $_;pwd});s:\Q$c/\E::;'ladon deals badly with filenames containing " and newline, and it fails for output larger than 200k:
ladon '*' -- seq 36000 | wcIt is assumed that the '--rpl's above are put in ~/.parallel/config and that it is run under a shell that supports '**' globbing (such as zsh):
1 ladon "**/*.txt" -- echo RELPATH
1 parallel echo RELPATH ::: **/*.txt
2 ladon "~/Documents/**/*.pdf" -- shasum FULLPATH >hashes.txt
2 parallel shasum FULLPATH ::: ~/Documents/**/*.pdf >hashes.txt
3 ladon -m thumbs/RELDIR "**/*.jpg" -- convert FULLPATH -thumbnail 100x100^ -gravity center -extent 100x100 thumbs/RELPATH
3 parallel mkdir -p thumbs/RELDIR\; convert FULLPATH -thumbnail 100x100^ -gravity center -extent 100x100 thumbs/RELPATH ::: **/*.jpg
4 ladon "~/Music/*.wav" -- lame -V 2 FULLPATH DIRNAME/BASENAME.mp3
4 parallel lame -V 2 FULLPATH DIRNAME/BASENAME.mp3 ::: ~/Music/*.wav
https://github.com/danielgtaylor/ladon
jobflow can run multiple jobs in parallel.
Just like xargs output from jobflow jobs running in parallel mix together by default. jobflow can buffer into files (placed in /run/shm), but these are not cleaned up - not even if jobflow dies unexpectedly. If the total output is big (in the order of RAM+swap) it can cause the system to run out of memory.
jobflow gives no error if the command is unknown, and like xargs redirection requires wrapping with bash -c.
jobflow makes it possible to set resource limits on the running jobs. This can be emulated by GNU parallel using bash's ulimit:
jobflow -limits=mem=100M,cpu=3,fsize=20M,nofiles=300 myjob
parallel 'ulimit -v 102400 -t 3 -f 204800 -n 300 myjob'1 cat things.list | jobflow -threads=8 -exec ./mytask {}
1 cat things.list | parallel -j8 ./mytask {}
2 seq 100 | jobflow -threads=100 -exec echo {}
2 seq 100 | parallel -j100 echo {}
3 cat urls.txt | jobflow -threads=32 -exec wget {}
3 cat urls.txt | parallel -j32 wget {}
4 find . -name '*.bmp' | jobflow -threads=8 -exec bmp2jpeg {.}.bmp {.}.jpg
4 find . -name '*.bmp' | parallel -j8 bmp2jpeg {.}.bmp {.}.jpg
https://github.com/rofl0r/jobflow
gargs can run multiple jobs in parallel.
Older versions cache output in memory. This causes it to be extremely slow when the output is larger than the physical RAM, and can cause the system to run out of memory.
See more details on this in man parallel_design.
Newer versions cache output in files, but leave files in $TMPDIR if it is killed.
Output to stderr (standard error) is changed if the command fails.
Here are the two examples from gargs website.
1 seq 12 -1 1 | gargs -p 4 -n 3 "sleep {0}; echo {1} {2}"
1 seq 12 -1 1 | parallel -P 4 -n 3 "sleep {1}; echo {2} {3}"
2 cat t.txt | gargs --sep "\s+" -p 2 "echo '{0}:{1}-{2}' full-line: \'{}\'"
2 cat t.txt | parallel --colsep "\\s+" -P 2 "echo '{1}:{2}-{3}' full-line: \'{}\'"
https://github.com/brentp/gargs
orgalorg can run the same job on multiple machines. This is related to --onall and --nonall.
orgalorg supports entering the SSH password - provided it is the same for all servers. GNU parallel advocates using ssh-agent instead, but it is possible to emulate orgalorg's behavior by setting SSHPASS and by using --ssh "sshpass ssh".
To make the emulation easier, make a simple alias:
alias par_emul="parallel -j0 --ssh 'sshpass ssh' --nonall --tag --linebuffer"If you want to supply a password run:
SSHPASS=`ssh-askpass`or set the password directly:
SSHPASS=P4$$w0rd!If the above is set up you can then do:
orgalorg -o frontend1 -o frontend2 -p -C uptime
par_emul -S frontend1 -S frontend2 uptime
orgalorg -o frontend1 -o frontend2 -p -C top -bid 1
par_emul -S frontend1 -S frontend2 top -bid 1
orgalorg -o frontend1 -o frontend2 -p -er /tmp -n 'md5sum /tmp/bigfile' -S bigfile
par_emul -S frontend1 -S frontend2 --basefile bigfile --workdir /tmp md5sum /tmp/bigfileorgalorg has a progress indicator for the transferring of a file. GNU parallel does not.
https://github.com/reconquest/orgalorg
Rust parallel focuses on speed. It is almost as fast as xargs. It implements a few features from GNU parallel, but lacks many functions. All these fail:
# Show what would be executed
parallel --dry-run echo ::: a
# Read arguments from file
parallel -a file echo
# Changing the delimiter
parallel -d _ echo ::: a_b_c_These do something different from GNU parallel
# Read more arguments at a time -n
parallel -n 2 echo ::: 1 a 2 b
# -q to protect quoted $ and space
parallel -q perl -e '$a=shift; print "$a"x10000000' ::: a b c
# Generation of combination of inputs
parallel echo {1} {2} ::: red green blue ::: S M L XL XXL
# {= perl expression =} replacement string
parallel echo '{= s/new/old/ =}' ::: my.new your.new
# --pipe
seq 100000 | parallel --pipe wc
# linked arguments
parallel echo ::: S M L :::+ small medium large ::: R G B :::+ red green blue
# Run different shell dialects
zsh -c 'parallel echo \={} ::: zsh && true'
csh -c 'parallel echo \$\{\} ::: shell && true'
bash -c 'parallel echo \$\({}\) ::: pwd && true'
# Rust parallel does not start before the last argument is read
(seq 10; sleep 5; echo 2) | time parallel -j2 'sleep 2; echo'
tail -f /var/log/syslog | parallel echoRust parallel has no remote facilities.
It uses /tmp/parallel for tmp files and does not clean up if terminated abruptly. If another user on the system uses Rust parallel, then /tmp/parallel will have the wrong permissions and Rust parallel will fail. A malicious user can setup the right permissions and symlink the output file to one of the user's files and next time the user uses Rust parallel it will overwrite this file.
If /tmp/parallel runs full during the run, Rust parallel does not report this, but finishes with success - thereby risking data loss.
https://github.com/mmstick/parallel
rush (https://github.com/shenwei356/rush) is written in Go and based on gargs.
Just like GNU parallel rush buffers in temporary files. But opposite GNU parallel rush does not clean up, if the process dies abnormally.
rush has some string manipulations that can be emulated by putting this into ~/.parallel/config (/ is used instead of %, and % is used instead of ^ as that is closer to bash's ${var%postfix}):
--rpl '{:} s:(\.[^/]+)*$::'
--rpl '{:%([^}]+?)} s:$$1(\.[^/]+)*$::'
--rpl '{/:%([^}]*?)} s:.*/(.*)$$1(\.[^/]+)*$:$1:'
--rpl '{/:} s:(.*/)?([^/.]+)(\.[^/]+)*$:$2:'
--rpl '{@(.*?)} /$$1/ and $_=$1;'Here are the examples from rush's website with the equivalent command in GNU parallel.
1. Simple run, quoting is not necessary
$ seq 1 3 | rush echo {}
$ seq 1 3 | parallel echo {}2. Read data from file (`-i`)
$ rush echo {} -i data1.txt -i data2.txt
$ cat data1.txt data2.txt | parallel echo {}3. Keep output order (`-k`)
$ seq 1 3 | rush 'echo {}' -k
$ seq 1 3 | parallel -k echo {}4. Timeout (`-t`)
$ time seq 1 | rush 'sleep 2; echo {}' -t 1
$ time seq 1 | parallel --timeout 1 'sleep 2; echo {}'5. Retry (`-r`)
$ seq 1 | rush 'python unexisted_script.py' -r 1
$ seq 1 | parallel --retries 2 'python unexisted_script.py'Use -u to see it is really run twice:
$ seq 1 | parallel -u --retries 2 'python unexisted_script.py'6. Dirname (`{/}`) and basename (`{%}`) and remove custom suffix (`{^suffix}`)
$ echo dir/file_1.txt.gz | rush 'echo {/} {%} {^_1.txt.gz}'
$ echo dir/file_1.txt.gz |
parallel --plus echo {//} {/} {%_1.txt.gz}7. Get basename, and remove last (`{.}`) or any (`{:}`) extension
$ echo dir.d/file.txt.gz | rush 'echo {.} {:} {%.} {%:}'
$ echo dir.d/file.txt.gz | parallel 'echo {.} {:} {/.} {/:}'8. Job ID, combine fields index and other replacement strings
$ echo 12 file.txt dir/s_1.fq.gz |
rush 'echo job {#}: {2} {2.} {3%:^_1}'
$ echo 12 file.txt dir/s_1.fq.gz |
parallel --colsep ' ' 'echo job {#}: {2} {2.} {3/:%_1}'9. Capture submatch using regular expression (`{@regexp}`)
$ echo read_1.fq.gz | rush 'echo {@(.+)_\d}'
$ echo read_1.fq.gz | parallel 'echo {@(.+)_\d}'10. Custom field delimiter (`-d`)
$ echo a=b=c | rush 'echo {1} {2} {3}' -d =
$ echo a=b=c | parallel -d = echo {1} {2} {3}11. Send multi-lines to every command (`-n`)
$ seq 5 | rush -n 2 -k 'echo "{}"; echo'
$ seq 5 |
parallel -n 2 -k \
'echo {=-1 $_=join"\n",@arg[1..$#arg] =}; echo'
$ seq 5 | rush -n 2 -k 'echo "{}"; echo' -J ' '
$ seq 5 | parallel -n 2 -k 'echo {}; echo'12. Custom record delimiter (`-D`), note that empty records are not used.
$ echo a b c d | rush -D " " -k 'echo {}'
$ echo a b c d | parallel -d " " -k 'echo {}'
$ echo abcd | rush -D "" -k 'echo {}'
Cannot be done by GNU Parallel
$ cat fasta.fa
>seq1
tag
>seq2
cat
gat
>seq3
attac
a
cat
$ cat fasta.fa | rush -D ">" \
'echo FASTA record {#}: name: {1} sequence: {2}' -k -d "\n"
# rush fails to join the multiline sequences
$ cat fasta.fa | (read -n1 ignore_first_char;
parallel -d '>' --colsep '\n' echo FASTA record {#}: \
name: {1} sequence: '{=2 $_=join"",@arg[2..$#arg]=}'
)13. Assign value to variable, like `awk -v` (`-v`)
$ seq 1 |
rush 'echo Hello, {fname} {lname}!' -v fname=Wei -v lname=Shen
$ seq 1 |
parallel -N0 \
'fname=Wei; lname=Shen; echo Hello, ${fname} ${lname}!'
$ for var in a b; do \
$ seq 1 3 | rush -k -v var=$var 'echo var: {var}, data: {}'; \
$ doneIn GNU parallel you would typically do:
$ seq 1 3 | parallel -k echo var: {1}, data: {2} ::: a b :::: -If you really want the var:
$ seq 1 3 |
parallel -k var={1} ';echo var: $var, data: {}' ::: a b :::: -If you really want the for-loop:
$ for var in a b; do
> export var;
> seq 1 3 | parallel -k 'echo var: $var, data: {}';
> doneContrary to rush this also works if the value is complex like:
My brother's 12" records14. Preset variable (`-v`), avoid repeatedly writing verbose replacement strings
# naive way
$ echo read_1.fq.gz | rush 'echo {:^_1} {:^_1}_2.fq.gz'
$ echo read_1.fq.gz | parallel 'echo {:%_1} {:%_1}_2.fq.gz'
# macro + removing suffix
$ echo read_1.fq.gz |
rush -v p='{:^_1}' 'echo {p} {p}_2.fq.gz'
$ echo read_1.fq.gz |
parallel 'p={:%_1}; echo $p ${p}_2.fq.gz'
# macro + regular expression
$ echo read_1.fq.gz | rush -v p='{@(.+?)_\d}' 'echo {p} {p}_2.fq.gz'
$ echo read_1.fq.gz | parallel 'p={@(.+?)_\d}; echo $p ${p}_2.fq.gz'Contrary to rush GNU parallel works with complex values:
echo "My brother's 12\"read_1.fq.gz" |
parallel 'p={@(.+?)_\d}; echo $p ${p}_2.fq.gz'15. Interrupt jobs by `Ctrl-C`, rush will stop unfinished commands and exit.
$ seq 1 20 | rush 'sleep 1; echo {}'
^C
$ seq 1 20 | parallel 'sleep 1; echo {}'
^C16. Continue/resume jobs (`-c`). When some jobs failed (by execution failure, timeout, or canceling by user with `Ctrl + C`), please switch flag `-c/--continue` on and run again, so that `rush` can save successful commands and ignore them in NEXT run.
$ seq 1 3 | rush 'sleep {}; echo {}' -t 3 -c
$ cat successful_cmds.rush
$ seq 1 3 | rush 'sleep {}; echo {}' -t 3 -c
$ seq 1 3 | parallel --joblog mylog --timeout 2 \
'sleep {}; echo {}'
$ cat mylog
$ seq 1 3 | parallel --joblog mylog --retry-failed \
'sleep {}; echo {}'Multi-line jobs:
$ seq 1 3 | rush 'sleep {}; echo {}; \
echo finish {}' -t 3 -c -C finished.rush
$ cat finished.rush
$ seq 1 3 | rush 'sleep {}; echo {}; \
echo finish {}' -t 3 -c -C finished.rush
$ seq 1 3 |
parallel --joblog mylog --timeout 2 'sleep {}; echo {}; \
echo finish {}'
$ cat mylog
$ seq 1 3 |
parallel --joblog mylog --retry-failed 'sleep {}; echo {}; \
echo finish {}'17. A comprehensive example: downloading 1K+ pages given by three URL list files using `phantomjs save_page.js` (some page contents are dynamically generated by Javascript, so `wget` does not work). Here I set max jobs number (`-j`) as `20`, each job has a max running time (`-t`) of `60` seconds and `3` retry changes (`-r`). Continue flag `-c` is also switched on, so we can continue unfinished jobs. Luckily, it's accomplished in one run :)
$ for f in $(seq 2014 2016); do \
$ /bin/rm -rf $f; mkdir -p $f; \
$ cat $f.html.txt | rush -v d=$f -d = \
'phantomjs save_page.js "{}" > {d}/{3}.html' \
-j 20 -t 60 -r 3 -c; \
$ doneGNU parallel can append to an existing joblog with '+':
$ rm mylog
$ for f in $(seq 2014 2016); do
/bin/rm -rf $f; mkdir -p $f;
cat $f.html.txt |
parallel -j20 --timeout 60 --retries 4 --joblog +mylog \
--colsep = \
phantomjs save_page.js {1}={2}={3} '>' $f/{3}.html
done18. A bioinformatics example: mapping with `bwa`, and processing result with `samtools`:
$ ref=ref/xxx.fa
$ threads=25
$ ls -d raw.cluster.clean.mapping/* \
| rush -v ref=$ref -v j=$threads -v p='{}/{%}' \
'bwa mem -t {j} -M -a {ref} {p}_1.fq.gz {p}_2.fq.gz > {p}.sam; \
samtools view -bS {p}.sam > {p}.bam; \
samtools sort -T {p}.tmp -@ {j} {p}.bam -o {p}.sorted.bam; \
samtools index {p}.sorted.bam; \
samtools flagstat {p}.sorted.bam > {p}.sorted.bam.flagstat; \
/bin/rm {p}.bam {p}.sam;' \
-j 2 --verbose -c -C mapping.rushGNU parallel would use a function:
$ ref=ref/xxx.fa
$ export ref
$ thr=25
$ export thr
$ bwa_sam() {
p="$1"
bam="$p".bam
sam="$p".sam
sortbam="$p".sorted.bam
bwa mem -t $thr -M -a $ref ${p}_1.fq.gz ${p}_2.fq.gz > "$sam"
samtools view -bS "$sam" > "$bam"
samtools sort -T ${p}.tmp -@ $thr "$bam" -o "$sortbam"
samtools index "$sortbam"
samtools flagstat "$sortbam" > "$sortbam".flagstat
/bin/rm "$bam" "$sam"
}
$ export -f bwa_sam
$ ls -d raw.cluster.clean.mapping/* |
parallel -j 2 --verbose --joblog mylog bwa_samrush has:
awk -v like custom defined variables (-v)
With GNU parallel you would simply set a shell variable:
parallel 'v={}; echo "$v"' ::: foo
echo foo | rush -v v={} 'echo {v}'Also rush does not like special chars. So these do not work:
echo does not work | rush -v v=\" 'echo {v}'
echo "My brother's 12\" records" | rush -v v={} 'echo {v}'Whereas the corresponding GNU parallel version works:
parallel 'v=\"; echo "$v"' ::: works
parallel 'v={}; echo "$v"' ::: "My brother's 12\" records"Exit on first error(s) (-e)
This is called --halt now,fail=1 (or shorter: --halt 2) when used with GNU parallel.
Settable records sending to every command (-n, default 1)
This is also called -n in GNU parallel.
Practical replacement strings
With GNU parallel this can be emulated by:
parallel --plus echo '{/\..*/}' ::: foo.ext.bar.gzWith GNU parallel this can be emulated by:
parallel --plus echo '{%.bar.gz}' ::: foo.ext.bar.gzWith GNU parallel this can be emulated by:
parallel --rpl '{@(.*?)} /$$1/ and $_=$1;' \
echo '{@\d_(.*).gz}' ::: 1_foo.gzWith GNU parallel this can be emulated by:
parallel echo '{= s:.*/::;s/\..*// =}' ::: dir/foo.bar.gzAnd if you need it often, you define a --rpl in $HOME/.parallel/config:
--rpl '{%.} s:.*/::;s/\..*//'
--rpl '{%:} s:.*/::;s/\..*//'Then you can use them as:
parallel echo {%.} {%:} ::: dir/foo.bar.gzPreset variable (macro)
E.g.
echo foosuffix | rush -v p={^suffix} 'echo {p}_new_suffix'With GNU parallel this can be emulated by:
echo foosuffix | parallel --plus 'p={%suffix}; echo ${p}_new_suffix'Opposite rush GNU parallel works fine if the input contains double space, ' and ":
echo "1'6\" foosuffix" |
parallel --plus 'p={%suffix}; echo "${p}"_new_suffix'Commands of multi-lines
While you can use multi-lined commands in GNU parallel, to improve readability GNU parallel discourages the use of multi-line commands. In most cases it can be written as a function:
seq 1 3 |
parallel --timeout 2 --joblog my.log 'sleep {}; echo {}; \
echo finish {}'Could be written as:
doit() {
sleep "$1"
echo "$1"
echo finish "$1"
}
export -f doit
seq 1 3 | parallel --timeout 2 --joblog my.log doitThe failed commands can be resumed with:
seq 1 3 |
parallel --resume-failed --joblog my.log 'sleep {}; echo {};\
echo finish {}'https://github.com/shenwei356/rush
ClusterSSH solves a different problem than GNU parallel.
ClusterSSH opens a terminal window for each computer and using a master window you can run the same command on all the computers. This is typically used for administrating several computers that are almost identical.
GNU parallel runs the same (or different) commands with different arguments in parallel possibly using remote computers to help computing. If more than one computer is listed in -S GNU parallel may only use one of these (e.g. if there are 8 jobs to be run and one computer has 8 cores).
GNU parallel can be used as a poor-man's version of ClusterSSH:
parallel --nonall -S server-a,server-b do_stuff foo bar
https://github.com/duncs/clusterssh
coshell only accepts full commands on standard input. Any quoting needs to be done by the user.
Commands are run in sh so any bash/tcsh/zsh specific syntax will not work.
Output can be buffered by using -d. Output is buffered in memory, so big output can cause swapping and therefore be terrible slow or even cause out of memory.
https://github.com/gdm85/coshell
spread runs commands on all directories.
It can be emulated with GNU parallel using this Bash function:
spread() {
_cmds() {
perl -e '$"=" && ";print "@ARGV"' "cd {}" "$@"
}
parallel $(_cmds "$@")'|| echo exit status $?' ::: */
}This works except for the --exclude option.
pyargs deals badly with input containing spaces. It buffers stdout, but not stderr. It buffers in RAM. {} does not work as replacement string. It does not support running functions.
pyargs does not support composed commands if run with --lines, and fails on pyargs traceroute gnu.org fsf.org.
seq 5 | pyargs -P50 -L seq
seq 5 | parallel -P50 --lb seq
seq 5 | pyargs -P50 --mark -L seq
seq 5 | parallel -P50 --lb \
--tagstring OUTPUT'[{= $_=$job->replaced()=}]' seq
# Similar, but not precisely the same
seq 5 | parallel -P50 --lb --tag seq
seq 5 | pyargs -P50 --mark command
# Somewhat longer with GNU Parallel due to the special
# --mark formatting
cmd="$(echo "command" | parallel --shellquote)"
wrap_cmd() {
echo "MARK $cmd $@================================" >&3
echo "OUTPUT START[$cmd $@]:"
eval $cmd "$@"
echo "OUTPUT END[$cmd $@]"
}
(seq 5 | env_parallel -P2 wrap_cmd) 3>&1
# Similar, but not exactly the same
seq 5 | parallel -t --tag command
(echo '1 2 3';echo 4 5 6) | pyargs --stream seq
(echo '1 2 3';echo 4 5 6) | perl -pe 's/\n/ /' |
parallel -r -d' ' seq
# Similar, but not exactly the same
parallel seq ::: 1 2 3 4 5 6https://github.com/robertblackwell/pyargs
concurrently runs jobs in parallel.
The output is prepended with the job number, and may be incomplete:
$ concurrently 'seq 100000' | (sleep 3;wc -l)
7165When pretty printing it caches output in memory. Output mixes by using test MIX below whether or not output is cached.
There seems to be no way of making a template command and have concurrently fill that with different args. The full commands must be given on the command line.
There is also no way of controlling how many jobs should be run in parallel at a time - i.e. "number of jobslots". Instead all jobs are simply started in parallel.
https://github.com/kimmobrunfeldt/concurrently
map does not run jobs in parallel by default. The README suggests using:
... | map t 'sleep $t && say done &'But this fails if more jobs are run in parallel than the number of available processes. Since there is no support for parallelization in map itself, the output also mixes:
seq 10 | map i 'echo start-$i && sleep 0.$i && echo end-$i &'The major difference is that GNU parallel is built for parallelization and map is not. So GNU parallel has lots of ways of dealing with the issues that parallelization raises:
Keep the number of processes manageable
Make sure output does not mix
Make Ctrl-C kill all running processes
Here are the 5 examples converted to GNU Parallel:
1$ ls *.c | map f 'foo $f'
1$ ls *.c | parallel foo
2$ ls *.c | map f 'foo $f; bar $f'
2$ ls *.c | parallel 'foo {}; bar {}'
3$ cat urls | map u 'curl -O $u'
3$ cat urls | parallel curl -O
4$ printf "1\n1\n1\n" | map t 'sleep $t && say done'
4$ printf "1\n1\n1\n" | parallel 'sleep {} && say done'
4$ parallel 'sleep {} && say done' ::: 1 1 1
5$ printf "1\n1\n1\n" | map t 'sleep $t && say done &'
5$ printf "1\n1\n1\n" | parallel -j0 'sleep {} && say done'
5$ parallel -j0 'sleep {} && say done' ::: 1 1 1https://github.com/soveran/map
Url for map, spread
machma. Requires Go >= 1.7.
https://github.com/k-bx/par requires Haskell to work. This limits the number of platforms this can work on.
https://github.com/otonvm/Parallel
https://github.com/flesler/parallel
https://github.com/kou1okada/lesser-parallel
https://github.com/Julian/Verge
https://github.com/amattn/paral
pyargs
There are certain issues that are very common on parallelizing tools. Here are a few stress tests. Be warned: If the tool is badly coded it may overload you machine.
Output from 2 jobs should not mix. If the output is not used, this does not matter; but if the output is used then it is important that you do not get half a line from one job followed by half a line from another job.
If the tool does not buffer, output will most likely mix now and then.
This test stresses whether output mixes.
#!/bin/bash
paralleltool="parallel -j0"
cat <<-EOF > mycommand
#!/bin/bash
# If a, b, c, d, e, and f mix: Very bad
perl -e 'print STDOUT "a"x3000_000," "'
perl -e 'print STDERR "b"x3000_000," "'
perl -e 'print STDOUT "c"x3000_000," "'
perl -e 'print STDERR "d"x3000_000," "'
perl -e 'print STDOUT "e"x3000_000," "'
perl -e 'print STDERR "f"x3000_000," "'
echo
echo >&2
EOF
chmod +x mycommand
# Run 30 jobs in parallel
seq 30 | $paralleltool ./mycommand > >(tr -s abcdef) 2> >(tr -s abcdef >&2)
# 'a c e' and 'b d f' should always stay together
# and there should only be a single line per jobSome tools cache output in RAM. This makes them extremely slow if the output is bigger than physical memory and crash if the output is bigger than the virtual memory.
#!/bin/bash
paralleltool="parallel -j0"
cat <<'EOF' > mycommand
#!/bin/bash
# Generate 1 GB output
yes "`perl -e 'print \"c\"x30_000'`" | head -c 1G
EOF
chmod +x mycommand
# Run 20 jobs in parallel
# Adjust 20 to be > physical RAM and < free space on /tmp
seq 20 | time $paralleltool ./mycommand | wc -cIf caching is done on disk, the disk can run full during the run. Not all programs discover this. GNU Parallel discovers it, if it stays full for at least 2 seconds.
#!/bin/bash
paralleltool="parallel -j0"
# This should be a dir with less than 100 GB free space
smalldisk=/tmp/shm/parallel
TMPDIR="$smalldisk"
export TMPDIR
max_output() {
# Force worst case scenario:
# Make GNU Parallel only check once per second
sleep 10
# Generate 100 GB to fill $TMPDIR
# Adjust if /tmp is bigger than 100 GB
yes | head -c 100G >$TMPDIR/$$
# Generate 10 MB output that will not be buffered due to full disk
perl -e 'print "X"x10_000_000' | head -c 10M
echo This part is missing from incomplete output
sleep 2
rm $TMPDIR/$$
echo Final output
}
export -f max_output
seq 10 | $paralleltool max_output | tr -s XSome tools do not clean up tmp files if they are killed. If the tool buffers on disk, they may not clean up, if they are killed.
#!/bin/bash
paralleltool=parallel
ls /tmp >/tmp/before
seq 10 | $paralleltool sleep &
pid=$!
# Give the tool time to start up
sleep 1
# Kill it without giving it a chance to cleanup
kill -9 $!
# Should be empty: No files should be left behind
diff <(ls /tmp) /tmp/beforeIt is not uncommon for users to create files like:
My brother's 12" *** record (costs $$$).jpgSome tools break on this.
#!/bin/bash
paralleltool=parallel
touch "My brother's 12\" *** record (costs \$\$\$).jpg"
ls My*jpg | $paralleltool ls -lSome tools require you to wrap composed commands into bash -c.
echo bar | $paralleltool echo foo';' echo {}Some tools can only insert the argument once.
echo bar | $paralleltool echo {} foo {}Some tools become very slow if output lines have many words.
#!/bin/bash
paralleltool=parallel
cat <<-EOF > mycommand
#!/bin/bash
# 10 MB of lines with 1000 words
yes "`seq 1000`" | head -c 10M
EOF
chmod +x mycommand
# Run 30 jobs in parallel
seq 30 | time $paralleltool -j0 ./mycommand > /dev/nullWhen using GNU parallel for a publication please cite:
O. Tange (2011): GNU Parallel - The Command-Line Power Tool, ;login: The USENIX Magazine, February 2011:42-47.
This helps funding further development; and it won't cost you a cent. If you pay 10000 EUR you should feel free to use GNU Parallel without citing.
Copyright (C) 2007-10-18 Ole Tange, http://ole.tange.dk
Copyright (C) 2008,2009,2010 Ole Tange, http://ole.tange.dk
Copyright (C) 2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018 Ole Tange, http://ole.tange.dk and Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Parts of the manual concerning xargs compatibility is inspired by the manual of xargs from GNU findutils 4.4.2.
Copyright (C) 2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or at your option any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this documentation under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the file fdl.txt.
You are free:
to copy, distribute and transmit the work
to adapt the work
Under the following conditions:
You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).
If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same, similar or a compatible license.
With the understanding that:
Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder.
Where the work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license.
In no way are any of the following rights affected by the license:
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Rights other persons may have either in the work itself or in how the work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights.
For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work.
A copy of the full license is included in the file as cc-by-sa.txt.
GNU parallel uses Perl, and the Perl modules Getopt::Long, IPC::Open3, Symbol, IO::File, POSIX, and File::Temp. For remote usage it also uses rsync with ssh.
find(1), xargs(1), make(1), pexec(1), ppss(1), xjobs(1), prll(1), dxargs(1), mdm(1)